Editing Hungary (section)

== History ==

=== Medieval kingdom ===

Magyar groups entered the Carpathian Basin during the late ninth century. Their settlement of the region established the Principality of Hungary under the Árpád dynasty.

Around the year 1000, [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] was crowned king and established a Christian monarchy. Royal administration developed through counties, church institutions, fortified settlements, and noble estates.

The Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242 caused widespread destruction. King Béla IV subsequently promoted the construction of stone fortifications and the rebuilding of towns and settlements.

The Kingdom of Hungary developed political and economic relations across Central Europe, the Danube region, and the Balkans. Buda became an important royal centre, while mining and market towns developed in the northern and western territories.

=== Ottoman and Habsburg periods ===

The Hungarian army was defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire]] at the [[Battle of Mohács]] on 29 August 1526. King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]] died during the battle, creating a succession dispute and contributing to the division of the kingdom.

Central Hungary came under Ottoman administration. Western and northern territories were governed by the Habsburg monarchy as Royal Hungary, while the eastern lands developed into the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and later the Principality of Transylvania.

Habsburg forces and their allies removed Ottoman control from most Hungarian territory during the late seventeenth century. Hungary subsequently remained under Habsburg rule.

The uprising led by [[Francis II Rákóczi]] began in 1703 and ended in 1711. The rebellion failed to end Habsburg authority but became an important event in Hungarian political history.

The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] began on 15 March 1848. Hungarian leaders established an independent government and attempted to end direct Habsburg political control. Austrian and Russian forces defeated the Hungarian army in August 1849.

=== Austria-Hungary ===

The [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] created the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]]. Hungary received its own parliament and government, while foreign policy, military affairs, and parts of state finance remained shared with Austria.

Budapest was created on 17 November 1873 through the union of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest. The city developed into the political, financial, and industrial centre of Hungary. Railways, factories, public buildings, and municipal services expanded during the final decades of the nineteenth century.

Austria-Hungary entered the [[First World War]] in 1914 and dissolved following its defeat in 1918. The Hungarian Democratic Republic was proclaimed on 16 November 1918.

The Hungarian Soviet Republic was established in March 1919 and collapsed in August of the same year. A regency under [[Miklós Horthy]] was established on 1 March 1920.

The [[Treaty of Trianon]], signed on 4 June 1920, established Hungary's post-war borders. Large territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary were transferred to neighbouring states, leaving Hungarian communities outside the country's new boundaries.

=== Second World War ===

Hungary entered the [[Tripartite Pact]] on 20 November 1940 and participated in Axis military operations during the [[Second World War]]. Hungarian forces entered the war against the Soviet Union in 1941.

Germany occupied Hungary on 19 March 1944. German and Hungarian authorities deported much of the country's Jewish population during the following months. The Arrow Cross government took power in October 1944 as Soviet forces advanced into Hungary.

The siege of Budapest ended on 13 February 1945. Fighting continued in western Hungary before German forces withdrew towards Austria.

[[Otto Hoos]] served with the [[Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]] in western Hungary during this period. His unit later withdrew towards Austria.<ref name="hoos-hungary"/>

=== Communist period ===

A communist-controlled government consolidated power after the war. The Hungarian People's Republic was established on 20 August 1949.

Political opposition was suppressed, private property was nationalised, and the economy was reorganised through central state planning. Government authority was concentrated in the ruling communist party and the state security system.

The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] began in Budapest on 23 October 1956. Demonstrators demanded political reform, the withdrawal of Soviet forces, and the restoration of Hungarian sovereignty.

Soviet military intervention began on 4 November 1956 and suppressed the uprising. The government of [[János Kádár]] later introduced limited economic reforms while maintaining communist political control.

=== Modern republic ===

The Republic of Hungary was proclaimed on 23 October 1989. Multiparty parliamentary elections were held in 1990, and the country's government institutions were reorganised under a parliamentary system.

The political system developed around the National Assembly, the presidency, the government, and the courts. Budapest remained the country's administrative, economic, and political centre.

A new constitution, known as the Fundamental Law of Hungary, came into force on 1 January 2012.