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{{Infobox mountain
| name = Andes Mountains
| native_name = Cordillera de los Andes
| native_name_lang = es
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| highest = [[Aconcagua]]
| elevation_m = 6961
| length_km = 8900
| width_km = 330
| range_coordinates = {{coord|32|S|70|W|type:mountain_region:AR-CH|display=inline}}
| location = Western [[South America]]
| country_type = Countries
| country = [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]]
| orogeny = Andean orogeny
}}

'''Andes''' or '''Andes Mountains''' (Spanish: '''Cordillera de los Andes''') is a mountain range along the western side of [[South America]]. It extends from the southern end of the continent to the northern coast near the [[Caribbean Sea]], passing through [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]].

The Andes are the longest continental mountain range in the world. The highest peak is [[Aconcagua]] in [[Argentina]], near the border with [[Chile]]. The range contains high plateaus, volcanic zones, glaciated peaks, valleys, mountain passes, and desert margins. In southern [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]], the Andes form the western highland belt of [[Patagonia]].

== Geography ==
The Andes run roughly north to south along the Pacific side of South America. In many areas, the range separates narrow coastal regions from the interior plains, basins, and plateaus of the continent. It is not a single line of mountains, but a system of cordilleras, high valleys, intermontane basins, and plateau regions.

The range is usually divided into the Northern Andes, Central Andes, and Southern Andes. The Northern Andes include the mountain systems of [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], and [[Ecuador]]. The Central Andes include the highlands of [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]], including the [[Altiplano]]. The Southern Andes extend through [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]], including the Patagonian and Fuegian sections in the far south.

In [[Patagonia]], the southern Andes contain glacial valleys, lakes, forests, snowfields, and mountain passes. Many rivers in western and southern Argentina have headwaters in Andean catchments before flowing eastward across the plateau toward the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The [[Colorado River (Argentina)|Colorado River]] begins from Andean headwaters and is commonly used as the northern geographic boundary of Argentine Patagonia.

== Geology ==
The Andes formed mainly through the subduction of oceanic plates beneath the South American Plate along the western margin of the continent. This process produced uplift, folding, faulting, volcanism, and earthquake activity.

The range remains geologically active. Several Andean sections contain active or dormant volcanoes, especially in parts of [[Chile]], [[Argentina]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Colombia]]. Earthquakes also occur along the Pacific margin and associated fault systems. Volcanic and tectonic activity contributed to mineral deposits that shaped mining activity in several Andean countries.

== Climate and environment ==
The Andes contain many climate zones because the range extends across much of South America and reaches very high elevations. Northern sections include humid mountain forests, cloud forests, and high grasslands. Central sections include dry high plateaus, salt flats, and desert margins. Southern sections include temperate forests, glaciers, snowfields, and cold steppe environments.

Elevation strongly affects local conditions. Temperature decreases with altitude, and high valleys often have different weather from nearby lowlands. The range also influences rainfall patterns by blocking air masses from the Pacific and Atlantic sides of the continent.

== Human geography ==
The Andes have shaped settlement, transport, agriculture, mining, and regional borders across western South America. Several major cities and highland settlements developed in or near Andean valleys and plateaus, including [[BogotÃ¡]], [[Quito]], [[La Paz]], [[Cusco]], and [[Santiago]].

Mountain passes have long been important for movement between the Pacific coast and the interior. In the southern Andes, routes between [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] connect Patagonian valleys, lake districts, and border towns. Snow, steep terrain, landslides, and weather conditions have often limited year-round movement in higher sections.

Mining is one of the main economic activities associated with the Andes. Copper, silver, gold, lithium, and other mineral resources occur in different parts of the range. Agriculture and livestock raising developed in valleys, foothills, and highland basins where water and soil conditions allowed permanent settlement.

== Regional history ==
The Andes formed a major geographic barrier during the period of Tanoan expansion in [[South America]]. The range crossed several territories that later came under direct annexation, political annexation, puppet administration, or military control.

[[Chile]] was annexed on 11 September 1976, giving the Tanoan state control over a long section of the Pacific-facing Andes. Later political annexations in [[Peru]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Ecuador]] extended Tanoan influence across much of the northern and central Andean zone.

In southern [[Argentina]], the Andes bordered the western side of [[Patagonia]], which became a key overseas operating region of the [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]] after 1953. Andean passes, river headwaters, and mountain corridors affected transport, resource movement, and security control during the period of Tanoan authority.

After the collapse of the [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]] on 30 November 2024, Andean territories in former Tanoan-controlled areas returned to restored national administrations or post-collapse political frameworks. In Argentina, the Patagonian Andes returned to administration under the restored Argentine Republic.

== See also ==
* [[South America]]
* [[Patagonia]]
* [[Argentina]]
* [[Chile]]
* [[Peru]]
* [[Colorado River (Argentina)]]
* [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]

[[Category:Mountain ranges]]

[[Category:South America]]

[[Category:Geography]]

[[Category:Locations]]

Andes - Revision history

Per.kuskan at 23:29, 2 July 2026

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Woalsten: Page Created.