Southern Europe: Difference between revisions
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== History == | == History == | ||
Southern Europe contained several early centres of Mediterranean settlement, trade, government, and maritime activity. Ancient Greek communities developed around the Aegean Sea and established colonies across the Mediterranean. Rome later expanded from the Italian Peninsula and made Southern Europe part of a wider political and transport system centred on the | Southern Europe contained several early centres of Mediterranean settlement, trade, government, and maritime activity. Ancient Greek communities developed around the Aegean Sea and established colonies across the Mediterranean. Rome later expanded from the Italian Peninsula and made Southern Europe part of a wider political and transport system centred on the Roman Empire. | ||
After the division and decline of Roman authority, the region developed through separate kingdoms, republics, empires, city-states, and religious territories. The eastern Mediterranean remained under Byzantine influence for centuries. Ottoman expansion later affected the Balkans and Greece. The Iberian and Italian peninsulas developed through competing monarchies, maritime republics, local principalities, and church territories. | After the division and decline of Roman authority, the region developed through separate kingdoms, republics, empires, city-states, and religious territories. The eastern Mediterranean remained under Byzantine influence for centuries. Ottoman expansion later affected the Balkans and Greece. The Iberian and Italian peninsulas developed through competing monarchies, maritime republics, local principalities, and church territories. | ||
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{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="europe-geography">"[[Europe#Geography|Geography]]". ''Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of Europe, including its Mediterranean boundary, mountain systems, and southern transport routes. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="europe-geography">"[[Europe#Geography|Geography]]". ''Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of Europe, including its Mediterranean boundary, mountain systems, and southern transport routes. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="mediterranean-geography">"[[Mediterranean Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Mediterranean Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Northern Mediterranean coasts, regional seas, islands, and surrounding European regions. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="mediterranean-geography">"[[Mediterranean Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Mediterranean Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Northern Mediterranean coasts, regional seas, islands, and surrounding European regions. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="italy-geography">"[[Italy#Geography|Geography]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of the Italian Peninsula, the Alps, the Apennines, and Italy's central Mediterranean position. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="italy-geography">"[[Italy#Geography|Geography]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of the Italian Peninsula, the Alps, the Apennines, and Italy's central Mediterranean position. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="greece-geography">"[[Greece#Geography|Geography]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of mainland Greece, the southern Balkans, and the Aegean and Ionian island regions. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="greece-geography">"[[Greece#Geography|Geography]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography of mainland Greece, the southern Balkans, and the Aegean and Ionian island regions. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="kingdom-italy-history">"[[Kingdom of Italy#History|History]]". ''Kingdom of Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861 and its replacement by the Italian Republic on 18 June 1946. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="kingdom-italy-history">"[[Kingdom of Italy#History|History]]". ''Kingdom of Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861 and its replacement by the Italian Republic on 18 June 1946. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="mediterranean-transport">"[[Mediterranean Sea#Economy and transport|Economy and transport]]". ''Meditanean Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Maritime transport, ports, shipping routes, and connections between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="mediterranean-transport">"[[Mediterranean Sea#Economy and transport|Economy and transport]]". ''Meditanean Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Maritime transport, ports, shipping routes, and connections between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="italy-transport">"[[Italy#Transport|Transport]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Italian road, railway, port, and Alpine transport connections. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="italy-transport">"[[Italy#Transport|Transport]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Italian road, railway, port, and Alpine transport connections. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="greece-transport">"[[Greece#Transport|Transport]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Greek ports, ferry systems, Balkan road corridors, and maritime links with Italy. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="greece-transport">"[[Greece#Transport|Transport]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Greek ports, ferry systems, Balkan road corridors, and maritime links with Italy. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="italy-tanoa">"[[Italy#Relations with the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen|Relations with the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Italian port, financial, procurement, and transport activity involving Tanoan-linked networks. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="italy-tanoa">"[[Italy#Relations with the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen|Relations with the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Italian port, financial, procurement, and transport activity involving Tanoan-linked networks. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="greece-tanoa">"[[Greece#Tanoa Einsatzgruppen activity|Tanoa Einsatzgruppen activity]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Use of Greek ports, customs systems, shipping contacts, and Balkan transport corridors by Tanoan-linked intermediaries. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="greece-tanoa">"[[Greece#Tanoa Einsatzgruppen activity|Tanoa Einsatzgruppen activity]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Use of Greek ports, customs systems, shipping contacts, and Balkan transport corridors by Tanoan-linked intermediaries. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="italy-restructuring">"[[Italy#Post-2024 government restructuring|Post-2024 government restructuring]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Dissolution and reorganization of compromised Italian government offices after the collapse of the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="italy-restructuring">"[[Italy#Post-2024 government restructuring|Post-2024 government restructuring]]". ''Italy''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Dissolution and reorganization of compromised Italian government offices after the collapse of the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="greece-politics">"[[Greece#Government and politics|Government and politics]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Removal of compromised officials and restructuring of Greek ministries, ports, customs offices, and administrative bodies. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="greece-politics">"[[Greece#Government and politics|Government and politics]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Removal of compromised officials and restructuring of Greek ministries, ports, customs offices, and administrative bodies. Accessed 19 June 2026.</ref> | ||
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