Upper house

Upper house is a term used to describe one chamber of a bicameral legislature. In systems with two legislative chambers, the upper house typically functions as a reviewing, revising, or advisory body within the legislative process.

Its composition, powers, and method of selection vary depending on constitutional structure and national tradition.

General characteristics

Common features associated with upper houses include:

• longer terms of office than the lower house
• indirect election, appointment, or mixed selection methods
• representation of regions, states, or other territorial units
• authority to review, amend, or delay legislation

In many systems, the upper house is designed to provide institutional stability and continuity.

Relationship to the lower house

In bicameral systems, the upper house operates alongside the Lower house. The balance of power between the two chambers depends on constitutional design:

• Some systems grant equal legislative authority to both chambers.
• Others limit the upper house to advisory or delaying powers.
• In certain systems, the upper house cannot initiate or amend financial legislation.

Mechanisms for resolving disagreements between chambers may include joint sessions, mediation committees, or override procedures.

Terminology

The name of the upper house varies by jurisdiction. Examples include:

• Senate
• House of Lords
• Federal Council
• Council of States

The designation “upper” refers to constitutional structure rather than physical position within a legislative building.

Legislative role

An upper house may:

• review and revise proposed legislation
• represent regional or federal interests
• confirm executive or judicial appointments (in some systems)
• participate in constitutional amendment procedures

The scope of authority is defined by national constitutional frameworks.

See also

• Lower house