Balkans: Difference between revisions
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== History == | == History == | ||
Ancient Balkan societies developed around the Aegean coast, inland river valleys, and the northern plains. Greek city-states and Macedonian kingdoms controlled much of the southern region, while Illyrian, Thracian, and Dacian communities occupied western, eastern, and northern areas. Roman expansion gradually brought the peninsula under the authority of the | Ancient Balkan societies developed around the Aegean coast, inland river valleys, and the northern plains. Greek city-states and Macedonian kingdoms controlled much of the southern region, while Illyrian, Thracian, and Dacian communities occupied western, eastern, and northern areas. Roman expansion gradually brought the peninsula under the authority of the Roman Empire. Roads and ports connected the Adriatic coast with Macedonia, Greece, and Constantinople.<ref name="southern-europe-history"/><ref name="adriatic-history"/> | ||
After the division of the Roman Empire, much of the peninsula remained under Byzantine authority. Slavic settlement during the sixth and seventh centuries changed the linguistic and political structure of the interior. Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian states later developed alongside Byzantine territories and coastal cities governed by Venice or other maritime powers. | After the division of the Roman Empire, much of the peninsula remained under Byzantine authority. Slavic settlement during the sixth and seventh centuries changed the linguistic and political structure of the interior. Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian states later developed alongside Byzantine territories and coastal cities governed by Venice or other maritime powers. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|refs= <ref name="southern-europe-geography">"[[Southern Europe#Geography|Geography]]". ''Southern Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the southern Balkans and their position within Southern Europe. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="southern-europe-geography">"[[Southern Europe#Geography|Geography]]". ''Southern Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the southern Balkans and their position within Southern Europe. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="adriatic-geography">"[[Adriatic Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Adriatic Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the sea between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas and the western Balkan coastline. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="adriatic-geography">"[[Adriatic Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Adriatic Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the sea between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas and the western Balkan coastline. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="ionian-geography">"[[Ionian Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Ionian Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the Ionian Sea between southern Italy, Albania, and Greece. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="ionian-geography">"[[Ionian Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Ionian Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the Ionian Sea between southern Italy, Albania, and Greece. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="black-sea-geography">"[[Black Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Black Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the western Black Sea coast and its position beside southeastern Europe. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="black-sea-geography">"[[Black Sea#Geography|Geography]]". ''Black Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the western Black Sea coast and its position beside southeastern Europe. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="bulgaria-geography">"[[Bulgaria#Geography|Geography]]". ''Bulgaria''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section covering the Balkan Mountains, the Danube, and the mountain systems of southern Bulgaria. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="bulgaria-geography">"[[Bulgaria#Geography|Geography]]". ''Bulgaria''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section covering the Balkan Mountains, the Danube, and the mountain systems of southern Bulgaria. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="north-macedonia-geography">"[[North Macedonia#Geography|Geography]]". ''North Macedonia''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the central Balkan Peninsula, the Vardar valley, and the surrounding mountain systems. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="north-macedonia-geography">"[[North Macedonia#Geography|Geography]]". ''North Macedonia''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing the central Balkan Peninsula, the Vardar valley, and the surrounding mountain systems. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="greece-geography">"[[Greece#Geography|Geography]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing Greece at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="greece-geography">"[[Greece#Geography|Geography]]". ''Greece''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Geography section describing Greece at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="southern-europe-history">"[[Southern Europe#History|History]]". ''Southern Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. History section covering Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, and later European development in the southern Balkans. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="southern-europe-history">"[[Southern Europe#History|History]]". ''Southern Europe''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. History section covering Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, and later European development in the southern Balkans. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="adriatic-history">"[[Adriatic Sea#History|History]]". ''Adriatic Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. History section describing Roman transport routes, Dyrrachium, the Via Egnatia, and later Adriatic governments. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="adriatic-history">"[[Adriatic Sea#History|History]]". ''Adriatic Sea''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. History section describing Roman transport routes, Dyrrachium, the Via Egnatia, and later Adriatic governments. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="otto-hoos-balkans">"[[Otto Hoos#Units and fronts|Units and fronts]]". ''Otto Hoos''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section recording Hoos's service during the 1941 invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="otto-hoos-balkans">"[[Otto Hoos#Units and fronts|Units and fronts]]". ''Otto Hoos''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section recording Hoos's service during the 1941 invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="kosovo-war">"[[Kosovo Civil War#Course|Course]]". ''Kosovo Civil War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section recording the conflict from 17 February 1997 to 21 June 1999 and the Prizren Armistice. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="kosovo-war">"[[Kosovo Civil War#Course|Course]]". ''Kosovo Civil War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section recording the conflict from 17 February 1997 to 21 June 1999 and the Prizren Armistice. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
<ref name="europa-klammer">"[[Unternehmen Europa-Klammer#Romanian corridor|Romanian corridor]]". ''Unternehmen Europa-Klammer''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section describing the planned Romanian expansion into the Balkans and the failure of the operation after the collapse of the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | <ref name="europa-klammer">"[[Unternehmen Europa-Klammer#Romanian corridor|Romanian corridor]]". ''Unternehmen Europa-Klammer''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''. Section describing the planned Romanian expansion into the Balkans and the failure of the operation after the collapse of the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Accessed 20 June 2026.</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||