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The '''Vader Era''' (1934–1945) was a historical period that preceded the [[Middenvader Era]]. It was defined by the military activity of the older generation of the five principal families, the growth of wartime family networks, the early construction of [[Vriendendam]], and the founding of the movement that later developed into the [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]].
The '''Vader Era''' was the historical period from 1920 to 1945, following the [[Pre-Vader Era]] and preceding the [[Middenvader Era]]. It covered the adulthood of the generation later classified as the [[Vaders]]. The first nineteen years formed an interwar period, while the [[Second World War]] dominated the final six years.<ref name="timeline"/>


The era ended in 1945 with the collapse of wartime authority in Europe. Its aftermath led directly into the Middenvader Era, during which former military, industrial, and family structures were reorganized.
During the 1930s, members of the [[Noord family]], [[Paap family]], [[Van Hetten family]], [[Hoos family]] and [[Schroeter family]] entered military service or expanded existing family industries. [[Angelo van Noord]], [[Martin Paap (father)|Martin Paap]], [[Humphrey van Hetten]], [[Antonie Ronald Paap]] and [[Otto Hoos]] later served in German military formations. Family companies produced machinery or military components during the war.<ref name="family-war"/>
 
The final phase of the era also produced institutions that continued after 1945. [[Jan Paap]] formed the [[Argentine Einsatz]] on 13 May 1944 and landed on [[Ravi-Ta]] in [[Tanoa]] on 9 August. The first houses at [[Vriendendam]] were built during the [[Battle of Arnhem]] in September 1944. The era ended in 1945 after the defeat of the Axis powers and the conclusion of the Second World War.<ref name="argentine-formation"/><ref name="vriendendam-arnhem"/><ref name="war-dates"/>
 
== Periodisation ==
The Vader Era is dated from 1920 through 1945. Its opening followed the end of the Pre-Vader Era in 1919. The year 1920 marked the beginning of the period in which the generation later called the Vaders reached adulthood and assumed military, industrial or family positions.<ref name="timeline"/>
 
The era was not defined by one government or organization. The five principal families remained separate, and [[De Vrienden]] did not yet exist. The period is instead defined by the activity of the Vader generation and by the military or industrial structures in which its members worked.
 
The end date follows the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. The [[Middenvader Era]] began in 1946 and covered the post-war reorganization of the surviving families, companies and settlements.


== Background ==
== Background ==
The opening years of the Vader Era followed the political instability created by the [[First World War]]. European governments faced economic disruption and disputes over the post-war settlement. Germany remained under the [[Weimar Republic]] until [[Adolf Hitler]] became chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Nazi government then removed political opposition and expanded the German armed forces.<ref name="nazi-background"/>
The expansion of German military institutions created opportunities for members of the principal families. Angelo van Noord and Martin Paap entered the Wehrmacht in 1934. Humphrey van Hetten joined the Luftwaffe in 1935, while Jan Paap entered the Wehrmacht in 1936. Antonie Ronald Paap began military training in 1938 and entered German service in September 1939.<ref name="angelo-early"/><ref name="martin-military"/><ref name="humphrey-military"/><ref name="jan-military"/><ref name="antonie-military"/>
Industrial development occurred at the same time. Ten members of the Noord family moved to [[Schaan]], [[Liechtenstein]], in 1934 and incorporated [[Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG]]. Its automobile division produced the [[Van Noord Schaan Tipo A]] from 1937 to 1939, while its military engineering division developed engines and armoured vehicle components. [[Schroeter Traktoren]], led by [[Ferdinand Schroeter]], maintained civilian and defence-oriented production before the war.<ref name="van-noord-industry"/><ref name="schroeter-industry"/>
== Chronology ==
=== 1920 ===
* The Vader Era began after the conclusion of the [[Pre-Vader Era]] in 1919.<ref name="timeline"/>
=== 1933 ===
* '''January'''
** '''30 January''' – Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. The Nazi government subsequently transformed Germany into a one-party dictatorship.<ref name="nazi-background"/>


The Vader Era began during the period in which members of the older family generation entered military and state service in Europe. These men later became known collectively as the Vaders because they formed the parental generation of the later figures associated with [[De Vrienden]].
=== 1934 ===
* Ten members of the Noord family relocated to Schaan and founded [[Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG]].<ref name="van-noord-industry"/>
* [[Martin Paap (father)|Martin Paap]] entered German military service.<ref name="martin-military"/>
* '''November'''
** '''1 November''' – [[Angelo van Noord]] joined the [[Wehrmacht]] and began training with Kraftfahr-Abteilung Cannstadt.<ref name="angelo-early"/>


The era is mainly connected to the [[Noord family]], [[Paap family]], [[Van Hetten family]], [[Hoos family]], and [[Schroeter family]]. During this period, members of these families served in military formations, operated industrial assets, maintained family authority, and created the early contacts that later shaped the Middenvader and Vriend periods.
=== 1935 ===
* '''March'''
** '''16 March''' – Germany reintroduced military conscription as part of its open rearmament programme.<ref name="war-background"/>
* [[Humphrey van Hetten]] moved to Germany and joined the [[Luftwaffe]].<ref name="humphrey-military"/>
* '''October'''
** '''3 October''' – The [[Kingdom of Italy]] invaded Ethiopia.<ref name="war-background"/>


The Vader Era was not centered on a single organization comparable to De Vrienden. It was a wartime and pre-war period in which separate family lines developed through military service, industrial ownership, and local settlement.
=== 1936 ===
* '''March'''
** '''7 March''' – German forces entered the demilitarized Rhineland.<ref name="war-background"/>
* [[Jan Paap]] joined the Wehrmacht.<ref name="jan-military"/>
* '''November'''
** '''1 November''' – Germany and Italy announced the Rome–Berlin Axis.<ref name="war-background"/>


== Chronology ==
=== 1937 ===
* '''July'''
** '''7 July''' – Full-scale war began between Japan and China after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.<ref name="war-background"/>
* [[Automobili Van Noord Schaan]] began production of the Van Noord Schaan Tipo A.<ref name="van-noord-industry"/>


{| class="wikitable"
=== 1938 ===
! Year
* [[Antonie Ronald Paap]] entered military training in [[Cologne]] before transferring into airborne training under the Luftwaffe.<ref name="antonie-military"/>
! Event
* '''March'''
|-
** '''11–13 March''' – Germany annexed Austria.<ref name="war-expansion"/>
| 1934
* '''September'''
| [[Angelo van Noord]] began his military career by joining the [[Wehrmacht]] on 1 November 1934. His entry into service became one of the earliest documented events of the Vader Era.
** '''29 September''' – The Munich Agreement transferred the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany.<ref name="war-expansion"/>
|-
| 1935
| Angelo van Noord continued training and service in motorized reconnaissance formations. He served with units connected to Kraftfahr-Abteilung Cannstadt and later Aufklärungs-Abteilung 5.
|-
| 1936
| [[Jan Paap]] joined the Wehrmacht. His military service later formed the basis of his break with the older [[Paap family]] structure and his creation of the movement that became the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen.
|-
| 1937
| Members of the principal families remained active in military, industrial, and administrative environments in Germany and the Netherlands. These networks later formed part of the background of the Middenvader Era.
|-
| 1938
| Angelo van Noord continued in training and leadership duties and was promoted to Leutnant. The [[Schroeter family]] remained connected to agriculture, military service, and industrial production through [[Schroeter Traktoren]].
|-
| 1939
| The Second World War began. Angelo van Noord participated in the invasion of Poland while serving with the 2. Panzer-Division. Schroeter industrial production became increasingly connected to wartime demand.
|-
| 1940
| Angelo van Noord transferred to the Abwehr and was assigned to Baulehr-Bataillon zur besonderen Verwendungen 800. On 10 May 1940, he led the assault on the railway bridge at Gennep during the German invasion of the Netherlands.
|-
| 24 June 1940
| Angelo van Noord received the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross for his role in the Gennep bridge operation. He also received the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class during the same period.
|-
| 1941
| On 30 November 1941, Angelo van Noord became Bataillonskommandeur of the 1st battalion of Lehr-Regiment "Brandenburg" z.b.V. 800.
|-
| 1942
| Angelo van Noord served on the Eastern Front with Brandenburg units. Recorded areas connected to his service include Kursk, Voronezh, the Don region, the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Mius sector.
|-
| 1943
| Jan Paap encountered his cousin [[Antonie Ronald Paap]] during the recapture of an airfield on the Eastern Front. Their argument escalated into a physical fight in which Jan assaulted Antonie and knocked out his teeth. The incident contributed to Jan’s break with the Paap family line.
|-
| 1943
| Angelo van Noord continued service with Brandenburg formations during their expansion into a larger divisional structure. His assignments connected him to operations in the Balkans, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Romania.
|-
| 1944
| Jan Paap deserted after a later incident on the Eastern Front. He bribed the Waffen-SS officer [[Georg Schäfer]] to assist his escape, fled to Spain, and later settled in Argentina.
|-
| 1944
| Jan Paap founded the [[Argentine Einsatz]], the movement that later developed into the [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]. The [[NSTAP]] was also founded in 1944 as the political organization of the emerging Tanoan structure.
|-
| September 1944
| During the [[Battle of Arnhem]], several fathers of an SS armoured division built houses north of Arnhem for defensive and logistical use. These houses became the origin of [[Vriendendam]].
|-
| 1944
| [[Vriendendam]] began as a wartime settlement connected to defensive preparations north of Arnhem. Its early houses were constructed for accommodation, logistics, and recreation of stationed fathers.
|-
| March 1945
| Angelo van Noord entered his final wartime posting as a staff chief with the SS-Jagdverbände under Otto Skorzeny.
|-
| 8 May 1945
| The war in Europe ended. Angelo van Noord destroyed his Soldbuch and obtained a forged Soldbuch under the name "Uwe Tering" to conceal his connection to the SS unit.
|-
| July 1945
| Angelo van Noord was released by American authorities under the false name "Uwe Tering" after hospitalization in Traunstein. This marked the beginning of his post-war period under false identities.
|-
| 1945
| The Vader Era ended. Former wartime family structures entered a post-war transition period, leading to the [[Middenvader Era]] in 1946.
|}


== Main developments ==
=== 1939 ===
* '''April'''
** '''7 April''' – Italy invaded Albania.<ref name="war-expansion"/>
* '''August'''
** '''23 August''' – Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.<ref name="war-expansion"/>
* '''September'''
** '''1 September''' – Germany invaded Poland, beginning the Second World War in Europe. Angelo van Noord participated in the campaign with the 2. Panzer-Division.<ref name="war-outbreak"/><ref name="angelo-early"/>
** '''3 September''' – The United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany.<ref name="war-dates"/>
** [[Antonie Ronald Paap]] entered German military service and joined a [[Fallschirmjäger]] formation.<ref name="antonie-military"/>
* '''November'''
** '''30 November''' – The Soviet Union invaded Finland, beginning the Winter War.<ref name="war-outbreak"/>
* Production of the Van Noord Schaan Tipo A ended. Military engineering became the main activity of the Van Noord industrial network.<ref name="van-noord-industry"/>


The Vader Era was shaped by military service, wartime family authority, and the early formation of later institutions. It was the period in which the older generation of the principal families gained experience in command, logistics, industry, administration, and territorial organization.
=== 1940 ===
* '''March'''
** '''13 March''' – The Winter War ended.<ref name="war-outbreak"/>
** '''29 March''' – Angelo van Noord arrived at the Abwehr training camp near Asperden and took command of 4./Baulehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800.<ref name="angelo-abwehr"/>
* '''April'''
** '''9 April''' – Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.<ref name="war-west"/>
* '''May'''
** '''10 May''' – Germany invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Angelo van Noord commanded the seizure of the railway bridge at Gennep, while Martin Paap served under him in 4./Baulehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800.<ref name="angelo-netherlands"/><ref name="martin-military"/>
** Antonie Ronald Paap fought near Rotterdam and its airfields with a Fallschirmjäger formation.<ref name="antonie-military"/>
** Otto Hoos served with the [[Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]] during the campaign in the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France.<ref name="otto-service"/>
** '''15 May''' – The Netherlands capitulated.<ref name="war-west"/>
** '''28 May''' – Belgium capitulated.<ref name="war-west"/>
* '''June'''
** '''10 June''' – Italy entered the war against France and the United Kingdom.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>
** '''22 June''' – France signed an armistice with Germany.<ref name="war-west"/>
** '''24 June''' – Angelo van Noord received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for the Gennep bridge operation.<ref name="angelo-netherlands"/>
* '''October'''
** '''28 October''' – Italy invaded Greece.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>


The Noord family is mainly represented in this period through Angelo van Noord, whose service connected him to German motorized reconnaissance units, the Abwehr, Brandenburg formations, the Balkans, Romania, and the SS-Jagdverbände. His military career placed the Noord family within the wartime structures that later influenced family memory and post-war networks.
=== 1941 ===
* '''April'''
** '''6 April''' – Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Otto Hoos served in the Balkan campaign with the Leibstandarte.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/><ref name="otto-service"/>
* '''May'''
** Antonie Ronald Paap fought in the [[Battle of Crete]] after his Fallschirmjäger unit was deployed to the island.<ref name="antonie-military"/>
* '''June'''
** '''22 June''' – Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Otto Hoos served on the southern Eastern Front with the Leibstandarte.<ref name="war-eastern"/><ref name="otto-service"/>
* '''November'''
** '''30 November''' – Angelo van Noord became commander of the 1st battalion of Lehr-Regiment "Brandenburg" z.b.V. 800.<ref name="angelo-eastern"/>
* '''December'''
** '''7 December''' – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and other Allied positions in the Pacific.<ref name="war-pacific"/>
** '''8 December''' – The United States declared war on Japan.<ref name="war-pacific"/>
** '''11 December''' – Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.<ref name="war-pacific"/>


The Paap family is represented by Jan Paap. His service in the Wehrmacht, conflict with Antonie Paap, rejection of the expected family succession role, and desertion in 1944 led to the formation of the Argentine Einsatz. This movement became the origin of the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen and formed one of the most important long-term consequences of the Vader Era.
=== 1942 ===
* Angelo van Noord commanded the 1st battalion of Lehr-Regiment "Brandenburg" on the Eastern Front. The battalion operated around Kursk, Voronezh, the Don, the Caucasus, Crimea and the Mius sector.<ref name="angelo-eastern"/>
* '''June'''
** '''3–6 June''' – The United States defeated a Japanese carrier force at the Battle of Midway.<ref name="war-pacific"/>
* '''August'''
** The Guadalcanal campaign began in the Solomon Islands.<ref name="war-pacific"/>


The Schroeter family remained connected to agriculture, military service, and industrial manufacturing. [[Schroeter Traktoren]] existed as a major family asset during this period and later became the main cause of the internal Schroeter dispute during the Middenvader Era.
=== 1943 ===
* During the recapture of an airfield on the Eastern Front, Jan Paap fought his cousin Antonie Ronald Paap. A German officer stopped the fight, and both men were reassigned.<ref name="paap-confrontation"/>
* Angelo van Noord left command of the 1st battalion in March and later served with the expanding Division Brandenburg in the Balkans and Romania.<ref name="angelo-eastern"/><ref name="angelo-balkans"/>
* Internal disputes began among the owners of Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG. Sabotage, killings and disappearances followed between 1943 and 1945.<ref name="van-noord-collapse"/>
* '''February'''
** '''2 February''' – The remaining German forces at Stalingrad surrendered.<ref name="war-eastern"/>
* '''May'''
** '''13 May''' – The remaining Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>
* '''July'''
** '''5 July''' – The Battle of Kursk began.<ref name="war-eastern"/>
** '''10 July''' – Allied forces invaded Sicily.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>
** '''25 July''' – Benito Mussolini was removed from power.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>
* '''September'''
** '''8 September''' – Italy announced an armistice with the Allies.<ref name="war-mediterranean"/>


== Vriendendam ==
=== 1944 ===
* '''January–May'''
** Antonie Ronald Paap fought with Fallschirmjäger forces during the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]].<ref name="antonie-military"/>
* Jan Paap deserted from the Eastern Front after bribing [[Georg Schäfer]] to assist his escape. He travelled through Spain before reaching Argentina.<ref name="jan-flight"/>
* Martin Paap became [[Great Paap]] after Jan rejected the expected family succession and left Europe.<ref name="martin-leadership"/>
* '''May'''
** '''13 May''' – Jan Paap reached [[Rada Tilly]], Argentina, and formed the Argentine Einsatz. The Tanoa Einsatzgruppen later used the same date as its formal establishment date.<ref name="argentine-formation"/><ref name="tanoa-formation"/>
* '''June'''
** '''6 June''' – Allied forces landed in Normandy.<ref name="war-allied"/>
** '''22 June''' – The Soviet Union began Operation Bagration against German Army Group Centre.<ref name="war-eastern"/>
* '''August'''
** '''9 August''' – The Argentine Einsatz reached Tanoa and landed on Ravi-Ta. The expedition established barracks, command posts and storage areas before reorganizing as the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen.<ref name="argentine-expedition"/>
** '''25 August''' – Paris was liberated by Allied forces.<ref name="war-allied"/>
* '''September'''
** Operation Market Garden began in the Netherlands. During the Battle of Arnhem, fathers attached to an SS armoured division constructed houses north of Arnhem. These houses became the first settlement at Vriendendam.<ref name="war-allied"/><ref name="vriendendam-arnhem"/>
* The [[NSTAP]] was founded after Jan Paap's expedition reached Tanoa. It became the political organization of the new regime.<ref name="nstap-formation"/>
* '''December'''
** '''16 December''' – Germany began the Ardennes Offensive. Otto Hoos served with the Leibstandarte during the campaign.<ref name="war-collapse"/><ref name="otto-service"/>


[[Vriendendam]] originated in 1944 during the final phase of the war in the Netherlands. After the German victory at the Battle of Arnhem, a defensive position was established north of Arnhem in anticipation of further Allied attacks. Fortifications were built, followed by houses used by stationed fathers.
=== 1945 ===
* '''March'''
** Angelo van Noord became staff chief with the SS-Jagdverbände under Otto Skorzeny.<ref name="angelo-final"/>
** Western Allied forces crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany.<ref name="war-collapse"/>
* '''April'''
** '''30 April''' – Adolf Hitler died in Berlin.<ref name="war-collapse"/>
* '''May'''
** '''7 May''' – German representatives signed the military surrender at Reims.<ref name="war-dates"/>
** '''8 May''' – The German surrender came into force in western Europe. Angelo van Noord destroyed his Soldbuch and obtained false documents under the name Uwe Tering.<ref name="war-dates"/><ref name="angelo-final"/>
** '''9 May''' – The German surrender took effect under Soviet reckoning.<ref name="war-dates"/>
** [[Alessandro van Noord]] fled from Schaan to Switzerland. He was the only known survivor of the ten-member Schaan branch.<ref name="van-noord-collapse"/>
* '''July'''
** Angelo van Noord was released by American authorities while using the name Uwe Tering.<ref name="angelo-final"/>
* '''August'''
** '''6 August''' – The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.<ref name="war-collapse"/>
** '''8 August''' – The Soviet Union declared war on Japan.<ref name="war-collapse"/>
** '''9 August''' – The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, while Soviet forces attacked Japanese-held Manchuria.<ref name="war-collapse"/>
** '''15 August''' – Japan announced its surrender.<ref name="war-dates"/>
* '''September'''
** '''2 September''' – Japan signed the formal surrender document aboard USS ''Missouri'', ending the Second World War.<ref name="war-dates"/>
* '''October'''
** '''24 October''' – The United Nations officially came into existence.<ref name="war-aftermath"/>
* Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG ceased operating by the end of the year.<ref name="van-noord-collapse"/>
* The Vader Era ended. The Middenvader Era began in 1946.<ref name="timeline"/>


The houses survived the end of the war because they were located away from the main fortifications. After 1945, they were occupied by other fathers and became the base of a post-war settlement. This settlement later developed into the industrial town of Vriendendam during the Middenvader Era.
== Main developments ==
=== Military service ===
Military service formed the best-documented activity of the principal families during the Vader Era. Angelo van Noord entered the Wehrmacht in 1934 and initially served in motorized reconnaissance. He transferred to the Abwehr in March 1940 and commanded the company that seized the railway bridge at Gennep during the invasion of the Netherlands. He later commanded a Brandenburg battalion on the Eastern Front, served in the Balkans and Romania, and ended the war in the SS-Jagdverbände.<ref name="angelo-early"/><ref name="angelo-abwehr"/><ref name="angelo-eastern"/><ref name="angelo-balkans"/><ref name="angelo-final"/>


The founding of Vriendendam is one of the main reasons the Vader Era remained relevant after 1945. It provided a physical location where the older wartime generation, later family industries, and post-war reconstruction overlapped.
Martin Paap served as an Unteroffizier in Van Noord's company during the bridge operations of 10 May 1940. He remained with the Brandenburg formation after the original battalion was expanded into a regiment.<ref name="martin-military"/>


== Paap movement ==
Humphrey van Hetten joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 after moving from Suriname to Germany. He served in German military aviation before and during the war. He returned to Suriname after Germany's defeat.<ref name="humphrey-military"/>


The most important political development of the Vader Era was the creation of the Argentine Einsatz by Jan Paap in 1944. The movement began after Jan Paap broke with his family, fled Europe, and settled in Argentina.
Antonie Ronald Paap served as a Fallschirmjäger from September 1939 until 1945. He fought in the Netherlands in 1940 and on Crete in 1941. His unit later served as ground infantry on the Eastern Front. In 1944 he fought at Monte Cassino before being captured in northern Italy after the German surrender.<ref name="antonie-military"/>


The Argentine Einsatz later developed into the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Its creation placed the Paap family on a separate path from the other principal families. While other family structures entered post-war reconstruction and internal arbitration, the Paap-aligned movement developed into an external territorial and political organization.
Otto Hoos served with the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler from 1940 until 1945. His service took him through the western campaign, the Balkans and the southern Eastern Front. He later fought in Italy, Normandy, the Ardennes and Hungary.<ref name="otto-service"/>


The founding of the NSTAP in 1944 gave the emerging Tanoan structure a political framework. This made the late Vader Era the starting point of the political system that later expanded during the Middenvader and Vriend periods.
Jan Paap joined the Wehrmacht in 1936 and served in France and the Soviet Union. His confrontation with Antonie in 1943 accelerated his break with the Paap family. He deserted in 1944 and left Europe.<ref name="jan-military"/><ref name="paap-confrontation"/><ref name="jan-flight"/>


== Military and family networks ==
=== Industry ===
Schroeter Traktoren entered the era as an established manufacturer under Ferdinand Schroeter. Before the war, it maintained civilian production alongside defence work. During the conflict, the company redirected production towards wartime demand and supplied reinforced chassis systems and armoured industrial components.<ref name="schroeter-industry"/><ref name="family-war"/>


The Vader Era created the military and interpersonal background of the later family system. The five principal families were not yet organized through De Vrienden, but members of the older generation operated in overlapping European military, industrial, and administrative environments.
The Van Noords of Schaan established a separate industrial network in Liechtenstein in 1934. Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG controlled an automobile company and a military engineering division. During the war, the engineering division supplied engines and drivetrain systems to German-aligned industrial companies through Swiss commercial routes.<ref name="van-noord-industry"/>


These contacts did not form a single formal alliance during the Vader Era. Their importance became clearer after 1945, when the families entered the Middenvader Era and began reorganizing their wartime structures into post-war family, industrial, and settlement networks.
Disputes among the Schaan branch began in 1943. Sabotage damaged workshops, while killings and disappearances removed nine of the ten known family members. Alessandro van Noord escaped to Switzerland in May 1945, and the company ceased operating before the end of the year.<ref name="van-noord-collapse"/>


The period also established the division between families that remained focused on Europe and the Paap-aligned structure that moved toward Argentina and later Tanoa.
Van Hetten family members in Germany worked in aviation and technical programmes during the same period. The family's interest in aircraft mechanics and applied engineering became established during the Vader Era.<ref name="van-hetten-members"/>


== Transition to the Middenvader Era ==
=== Paap succession and Tanoa ===
The Paap family succession divided in 1944. Jan Paap had been expected to succeed his father as Great Paap, but he rejected the position and left Europe. Martin Paap then became head of the family.<ref name="martin-leadership"/>


The Vader Era ended in 1945 with the collapse of wartime authority in Europe. The end of the war did not remove the influence of the Vaders. Their military experience, industrial assets, family disputes, and surviving settlements shaped the period that followed.
After reaching Rada Tilly on 13 May 1944, Jan formed the Argentine Einsatz through recruitment networks in Patagonia. The movement grew to approximately 3,400 members by August. It recruited former soldiers and technical workers for a permanent expedition outside Argentina.<ref name="argentine-formation"/>


From 1946 onward, the focus shifted from wartime command to post-war reconstruction, internal arbitration, industrial ownership, and family separation. This marked the beginning of the Middenvader Era.
The expedition landed on Ravi-Ta on 9 August. Its members established the first command and storage facilities before reorganizing as the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. The NSTAP was founded after the landing to direct political organization inside the emerging regime.<ref name="argentine-expedition"/><ref name="nstap-formation"/>


The most important inheritances of the Vader Era were the early settlement of Vriendendam, the existence of Schroeter Traktoren as a disputed family asset, the post-war survival of several family networks, and the creation of the movement that later became the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen.
=== Vriendendam ===
Vriendendam began during the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944. After the German victory in the battle, a defensive position was established north of Arnhem. Houses were constructed behind the main fortifications for the fathers stationed there.<ref name="vriendendam-arnhem"/>


== Characteristics ==
The houses survived the liberation of the Netherlands because they stood away from the principal defensive works. They were occupied after the war and became the base of the permanent settlement that expanded during the Middenvader Era.<ref name="vriendendam-postwar"/>


The Vader Era was characterized by military service, wartime logistics, industrial production, family authority, and early territorial organization. It was more externally oriented than the Middenvader Era because its main events occurred through wartime service, occupation, settlement, and flight from Europe.
== End of the era ==
The military defeat of Germany ended the European structures in which most documented Vader-generation soldiers had served. Former servicemen were captured, returned to civilian life or concealed parts of their wartime records. Family companies lost access to wartime contracts, and the Schaan industrial branch collapsed.


The era did not have a central social group equivalent to De Vrienden. Its defining figures were the older family members whose actions created the conditions for later periods. For this reason, the era functions as the foundation of the Middenvader and Vriend periods.
The Second World War continued in Asia until 2 September 1945. Its conclusion closed the Vader Era. The post-war period shifted attention from military service to reconstruction, family succession and control of surviving property.


The era ended in 1945. The Middenvader Era began in 1946.
The Middenvader Era began in 1946. Vriendendam became a permanent settlement, while disputes over Schroeter Traktoren developed into a central family issue. Jan Paap's organization continued independently in Tanoa.


== See also ==
== See also ==
 
* [[Pre-Vader Era]]
* [[Middenvader Era]]
* [[Middenvader Era]]
* [[Vriend Era]]
* [[Vriend Era]]
* [[Timeline]]
* [[Vaders]]
* [[Vaders]]
* [[Vriendendam]]
* [[Second World War]]
* [[Battle of Arnhem]]
* [[Nazi Germany]]
* [[Angelo van Noord]]
* [[Jan Paap]]
* [[Antonie Ronald Paap]]
* [[Georg Schäfer]]
* [[Argentine Einsatz]]
* [[Argentine Einsatz]]
* [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]
* [[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen]]
* [[NSTAP]]
* [[Vriendendam]]
* [[Schroeter family]]
 
* [[Schroeter Traktoren]]
== References ==
* [[Noord family]]
{{Reflist|refs=
* [[Paap family]]
<ref name="timeline">"[[Timeline#The Vader Era (1920–1945)|The Vader Era (1920–1945)]]". ''Timeline''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
* [[Van Hetten family]]
<ref name="nazi-background">"[[Nazi Germany#Background|Background]]". ''Nazi Germany''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
* [[Hoos family]]
<ref name="war-dates">"[[Second World War#Start and end dates|Start and end dates]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
* [[De Vrienden]]
<ref name="war-background">"[[Second World War#Background|Background]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-expansion">"[[Second World War#Pre-war expansion|Pre-war expansion]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-outbreak">"[[Second World War#War breaks out in Europe|War breaks out in Europe]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-west">"[[Second World War#Western Europe|Western Europe]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-mediterranean">"[[Second World War#Mediterranean and Africa|Mediterranean and Africa]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-eastern">"[[Second World War#Eastern Front|Eastern Front]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-pacific">"[[Second World War#War in the Pacific|War in the Pacific]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-allied">"[[Second World War#Allied offensives|Allied offensives]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-collapse">"[[Second World War#Axis collapse|Axis collapse]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="war-aftermath">"[[Second World War#Aftermath|Aftermath]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="family-war">"[[Second World War#Home fronts and production|Home fronts and production]]". ''Second World War''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-early">"[[Angelo van Noord#Early service and training (1934–1939)|Early service and training (1934–1939)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-abwehr">"[[Angelo van Noord#Transfer to Abwehr and special operations (1940)|Transfer to Abwehr and special operations (1940)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-netherlands">"[[Angelo van Noord#Operation in the Netherlands (10 May 1940)|Operation in the Netherlands (10 May 1940)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-eastern">"[[Angelo van Noord#Brandenburg formation and Eastern Front service (1940–1943)|Brandenburg formation and Eastern Front service (1940–1943)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-balkans">"[[Angelo van Noord#Division Brandenburg, Balkans and Romania (1943–1945)|Division Brandenburg, Balkans and Romania (1943–1945)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="angelo-final">"[[Angelo van Noord#Final wartime posting (1945)|Final wartime posting (1945)]]". ''Angelo van Noord''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="martin-military">"[[Martin Paap (father)#Military career|Military career]]". ''Martin Paap (father)''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="martin-leadership">"[[Martin Paap (father)#Paap family leadership|Paap family leadership]]". ''Martin Paap (father)''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="humphrey-military">"[[Humphrey van Hetten#Military career|Military career]]". ''Humphrey van Hetten''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="antonie-military">"[[Antonie Ronald Paap#Military service|Military service]]". ''Antonie Ronald Paap''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="otto-service">"[[Otto Hoos#Units and fronts|Units and fronts]]". ''Otto Hoos''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="jan-military">"[[Jan Paap#Military service|Military service]]". ''Jan Paap''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="paap-confrontation">"[[Jan Paap#Confrontation with Antonie Paap|Confrontation with Antonie Paap]]". ''Jan Paap''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="jan-flight">"[[Jan Paap#Flight from Europe and founding of the movement|Flight from Europe and founding of the movement]]". ''Jan Paap''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="van-noord-industry">"[[Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG#Industrial operations|Industrial operations]]". ''Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="van-noord-collapse">"[[Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG#Collapse|Collapse]]". ''Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="schroeter-industry">"[[Ferdinand Schroeter#Founding of Schroeter Traktoren|Founding of Schroeter Traktoren]]". ''Ferdinand Schroeter''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="van-hetten-members">"[[Van Hetten family members#Vader Era|Vader Era]]". ''Van Hetten family members''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="argentine-formation">"[[Argentine Einsatz#Formation at Rada Tilly|Formation at Rada Tilly]]". ''Argentine Einsatz''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="argentine-expedition">"[[Argentine Einsatz#Expedition to Tanoa|Expedition to Tanoa]]". ''Argentine Einsatz''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="tanoa-formation">"[[Tanoa Einsatzgruppen#Jan Paap in Argentina (1944)|Jan Paap in Argentina (1944)]]". ''Tanoa Einsatzgruppen''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="nstap-formation">"[[NSTAP#Formation (1944)|Formation (1944)]]". ''NSTAP''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="vriendendam-arnhem">"[[Vriendendam#Battle of Arnhem|Battle of Arnhem]]". ''Vriendendam''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
<ref name="vriendendam-postwar">"[[Vriendendam#Post-war development|Post-war development]]". ''Vriendendam''. ''Vrienden Universe Wiki''.</ref>
}}


[[Category:Eras]]
[[Category:Eras]]
[[Category:Vader Era]]
[[Category:Vader Era]]
{{NoAds}}

Latest revision as of 12:23, 1 July 2026

The Vader Era was the historical period from 1920 to 1945, following the Pre-Vader Era and preceding the Middenvader Era. It covered the adulthood of the generation later classified as the Vaders. The first nineteen years formed an interwar period, while the Second World War dominated the final six years.[1]

During the 1930s, members of the Noord family, Paap family, Van Hetten family, Hoos family and Schroeter family entered military service or expanded existing family industries. Angelo van Noord, Martin Paap, Humphrey van Hetten, Antonie Ronald Paap and Otto Hoos later served in German military formations. Family companies produced machinery or military components during the war.[2]

The final phase of the era also produced institutions that continued after 1945. Jan Paap formed the Argentine Einsatz on 13 May 1944 and landed on Ravi-Ta in Tanoa on 9 August. The first houses at Vriendendam were built during the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944. The era ended in 1945 after the defeat of the Axis powers and the conclusion of the Second World War.[3][4][5]

Periodisation

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The Vader Era is dated from 1920 through 1945. Its opening followed the end of the Pre-Vader Era in 1919. The year 1920 marked the beginning of the period in which the generation later called the Vaders reached adulthood and assumed military, industrial or family positions.[1]

The era was not defined by one government or organization. The five principal families remained separate, and De Vrienden did not yet exist. The period is instead defined by the activity of the Vader generation and by the military or industrial structures in which its members worked.

The end date follows the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. The Middenvader Era began in 1946 and covered the post-war reorganization of the surviving families, companies and settlements.

Background

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The opening years of the Vader Era followed the political instability created by the First World War. European governments faced economic disruption and disputes over the post-war settlement. Germany remained under the Weimar Republic until Adolf Hitler became chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Nazi government then removed political opposition and expanded the German armed forces.[6]

The expansion of German military institutions created opportunities for members of the principal families. Angelo van Noord and Martin Paap entered the Wehrmacht in 1934. Humphrey van Hetten joined the Luftwaffe in 1935, while Jan Paap entered the Wehrmacht in 1936. Antonie Ronald Paap began military training in 1938 and entered German service in September 1939.[7][8][9][10][11]

Industrial development occurred at the same time. Ten members of the Noord family moved to Schaan, Liechtenstein, in 1934 and incorporated Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG. Its automobile division produced the Van Noord Schaan Tipo A from 1937 to 1939, while its military engineering division developed engines and armoured vehicle components. Schroeter Traktoren, led by Ferdinand Schroeter, maintained civilian and defence-oriented production before the war.[12][13]

Chronology

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1920

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1933

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  • January
    • 30 January – Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. The Nazi government subsequently transformed Germany into a one-party dictatorship.[6]

1934

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1935

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1936

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  • March
    • 7 March – German forces entered the demilitarized Rhineland.[14]
  • Jan Paap joined the Wehrmacht.[10]
  • November
    • 1 November – Germany and Italy announced the Rome–Berlin Axis.[14]

1937

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  • July
    • 7 July – Full-scale war began between Japan and China after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.[14]
  • Automobili Van Noord Schaan began production of the Van Noord Schaan Tipo A.[12]

1938

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  • Antonie Ronald Paap entered military training in Cologne before transferring into airborne training under the Luftwaffe.[11]
  • March
    • 11–13 March – Germany annexed Austria.[15]
  • September
    • 29 September – The Munich Agreement transferred the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany.[15]

1939

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  • April
    • 7 April – Italy invaded Albania.[15]
  • August
    • 23 August – Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[15]
  • September
    • 1 September – Germany invaded Poland, beginning the Second World War in Europe. Angelo van Noord participated in the campaign with the 2. Panzer-Division.[16][7]
    • 3 September – The United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany.[5]
    • Antonie Ronald Paap entered German military service and joined a Fallschirmjäger formation.[11]
  • November
    • 30 November – The Soviet Union invaded Finland, beginning the Winter War.[16]
  • Production of the Van Noord Schaan Tipo A ended. Military engineering became the main activity of the Van Noord industrial network.[12]

1940

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  • March
    • 13 March – The Winter War ended.[16]
    • 29 March – Angelo van Noord arrived at the Abwehr training camp near Asperden and took command of 4./Baulehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800.[17]
  • April
    • 9 April – Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.[18]
  • May
    • 10 May – Germany invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Angelo van Noord commanded the seizure of the railway bridge at Gennep, while Martin Paap served under him in 4./Baulehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800.[19][8]
    • Antonie Ronald Paap fought near Rotterdam and its airfields with a Fallschirmjäger formation.[11]
    • Otto Hoos served with the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during the campaign in the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France.[20]
    • 15 May – The Netherlands capitulated.[18]
    • 28 May – Belgium capitulated.[18]
  • June
    • 10 June – Italy entered the war against France and the United Kingdom.[21]
    • 22 June – France signed an armistice with Germany.[18]
    • 24 June – Angelo van Noord received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for the Gennep bridge operation.[19]
  • October
    • 28 October – Italy invaded Greece.[21]

1941

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  • April
    • 6 April – Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Otto Hoos served in the Balkan campaign with the Leibstandarte.[21][20]
  • May
    • Antonie Ronald Paap fought in the Battle of Crete after his Fallschirmjäger unit was deployed to the island.[11]
  • June
    • 22 June – Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Otto Hoos served on the southern Eastern Front with the Leibstandarte.[22][20]
  • November
    • 30 November – Angelo van Noord became commander of the 1st battalion of Lehr-Regiment "Brandenburg" z.b.V. 800.[23]
  • December
    • 7 December – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and other Allied positions in the Pacific.[24]
    • 8 December – The United States declared war on Japan.[24]
    • 11 December – Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.[24]

1942

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  • Angelo van Noord commanded the 1st battalion of Lehr-Regiment "Brandenburg" on the Eastern Front. The battalion operated around Kursk, Voronezh, the Don, the Caucasus, Crimea and the Mius sector.[23]
  • June
    • 3–6 June – The United States defeated a Japanese carrier force at the Battle of Midway.[24]
  • August
    • The Guadalcanal campaign began in the Solomon Islands.[24]

1943

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  • During the recapture of an airfield on the Eastern Front, Jan Paap fought his cousin Antonie Ronald Paap. A German officer stopped the fight, and both men were reassigned.[25]
  • Angelo van Noord left command of the 1st battalion in March and later served with the expanding Division Brandenburg in the Balkans and Romania.[23][26]
  • Internal disputes began among the owners of Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG. Sabotage, killings and disappearances followed between 1943 and 1945.[27]
  • February
    • 2 February – The remaining German forces at Stalingrad surrendered.[22]
  • May
    • 13 May – The remaining Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered.[21]
  • July
    • 5 July – The Battle of Kursk began.[22]
    • 10 July – Allied forces invaded Sicily.[21]
    • 25 July – Benito Mussolini was removed from power.[21]
  • September
    • 8 September – Italy announced an armistice with the Allies.[21]

1944

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  • January–May
  • Jan Paap deserted from the Eastern Front after bribing Georg Schäfer to assist his escape. He travelled through Spain before reaching Argentina.[28]
  • Martin Paap became Great Paap after Jan rejected the expected family succession and left Europe.[29]
  • May
    • 13 May – Jan Paap reached Rada Tilly, Argentina, and formed the Argentine Einsatz. The Tanoa Einsatzgruppen later used the same date as its formal establishment date.[3][30]
  • June
    • 6 June – Allied forces landed in Normandy.[31]
    • 22 June – The Soviet Union began Operation Bagration against German Army Group Centre.[22]
  • August
    • 9 August – The Argentine Einsatz reached Tanoa and landed on Ravi-Ta. The expedition established barracks, command posts and storage areas before reorganizing as the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen.[32]
    • 25 August – Paris was liberated by Allied forces.[31]
  • September
    • Operation Market Garden began in the Netherlands. During the Battle of Arnhem, fathers attached to an SS armoured division constructed houses north of Arnhem. These houses became the first settlement at Vriendendam.[31][4]
  • The NSTAP was founded after Jan Paap's expedition reached Tanoa. It became the political organization of the new regime.[33]
  • December
    • 16 December – Germany began the Ardennes Offensive. Otto Hoos served with the Leibstandarte during the campaign.[34][20]

1945

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  • March
    • Angelo van Noord became staff chief with the SS-Jagdverbände under Otto Skorzeny.[35]
    • Western Allied forces crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany.[34]
  • April
    • 30 April – Adolf Hitler died in Berlin.[34]
  • May
    • 7 May – German representatives signed the military surrender at Reims.[5]
    • 8 May – The German surrender came into force in western Europe. Angelo van Noord destroyed his Soldbuch and obtained false documents under the name Uwe Tering.[5][35]
    • 9 May – The German surrender took effect under Soviet reckoning.[5]
    • Alessandro van Noord fled from Schaan to Switzerland. He was the only known survivor of the ten-member Schaan branch.[27]
  • July
    • Angelo van Noord was released by American authorities while using the name Uwe Tering.[35]
  • August
    • 6 August – The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.[34]
    • 8 August – The Soviet Union declared war on Japan.[34]
    • 9 August – The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, while Soviet forces attacked Japanese-held Manchuria.[34]
    • 15 August – Japan announced its surrender.[5]
  • September
    • 2 September – Japan signed the formal surrender document aboard USS Missouri, ending the Second World War.[5]
  • October
    • 24 October – The United Nations officially came into existence.[36]
  • Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG ceased operating by the end of the year.[27]
  • The Vader Era ended. The Middenvader Era began in 1946.[1]

Main developments

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Military service

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Military service formed the best-documented activity of the principal families during the Vader Era. Angelo van Noord entered the Wehrmacht in 1934 and initially served in motorized reconnaissance. He transferred to the Abwehr in March 1940 and commanded the company that seized the railway bridge at Gennep during the invasion of the Netherlands. He later commanded a Brandenburg battalion on the Eastern Front, served in the Balkans and Romania, and ended the war in the SS-Jagdverbände.[7][17][23][26][35]

Martin Paap served as an Unteroffizier in Van Noord's company during the bridge operations of 10 May 1940. He remained with the Brandenburg formation after the original battalion was expanded into a regiment.[8]

Humphrey van Hetten joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 after moving from Suriname to Germany. He served in German military aviation before and during the war. He returned to Suriname after Germany's defeat.[9]

Antonie Ronald Paap served as a Fallschirmjäger from September 1939 until 1945. He fought in the Netherlands in 1940 and on Crete in 1941. His unit later served as ground infantry on the Eastern Front. In 1944 he fought at Monte Cassino before being captured in northern Italy after the German surrender.[11]

Otto Hoos served with the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler from 1940 until 1945. His service took him through the western campaign, the Balkans and the southern Eastern Front. He later fought in Italy, Normandy, the Ardennes and Hungary.[20]

Jan Paap joined the Wehrmacht in 1936 and served in France and the Soviet Union. His confrontation with Antonie in 1943 accelerated his break with the Paap family. He deserted in 1944 and left Europe.[10][25][28]

Industry

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Schroeter Traktoren entered the era as an established manufacturer under Ferdinand Schroeter. Before the war, it maintained civilian production alongside defence work. During the conflict, the company redirected production towards wartime demand and supplied reinforced chassis systems and armoured industrial components.[13][2]

The Van Noords of Schaan established a separate industrial network in Liechtenstein in 1934. Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG controlled an automobile company and a military engineering division. During the war, the engineering division supplied engines and drivetrain systems to German-aligned industrial companies through Swiss commercial routes.[12]

Disputes among the Schaan branch began in 1943. Sabotage damaged workshops, while killings and disappearances removed nine of the ten known family members. Alessandro van Noord escaped to Switzerland in May 1945, and the company ceased operating before the end of the year.[27]

Van Hetten family members in Germany worked in aviation and technical programmes during the same period. The family's interest in aircraft mechanics and applied engineering became established during the Vader Era.[37]

Paap succession and Tanoa

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The Paap family succession divided in 1944. Jan Paap had been expected to succeed his father as Great Paap, but he rejected the position and left Europe. Martin Paap then became head of the family.[29]

After reaching Rada Tilly on 13 May 1944, Jan formed the Argentine Einsatz through recruitment networks in Patagonia. The movement grew to approximately 3,400 members by August. It recruited former soldiers and technical workers for a permanent expedition outside Argentina.[3]

The expedition landed on Ravi-Ta on 9 August. Its members established the first command and storage facilities before reorganizing as the Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. The NSTAP was founded after the landing to direct political organization inside the emerging regime.[32][33]

Vriendendam

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Vriendendam began during the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944. After the German victory in the battle, a defensive position was established north of Arnhem. Houses were constructed behind the main fortifications for the fathers stationed there.[4]

The houses survived the liberation of the Netherlands because they stood away from the principal defensive works. They were occupied after the war and became the base of the permanent settlement that expanded during the Middenvader Era.[38]

End of the era

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The military defeat of Germany ended the European structures in which most documented Vader-generation soldiers had served. Former servicemen were captured, returned to civilian life or concealed parts of their wartime records. Family companies lost access to wartime contracts, and the Schaan industrial branch collapsed.

The Second World War continued in Asia until 2 September 1945. Its conclusion closed the Vader Era. The post-war period shifted attention from military service to reconstruction, family succession and control of surviving property.

The Middenvader Era began in 1946. Vriendendam became a permanent settlement, while disputes over Schroeter Traktoren developed into a central family issue. Jan Paap's organization continued independently in Tanoa.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "The Vader Era (1920–1945)". Timeline. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Home fronts and production". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Formation at Rada Tilly". Argentine Einsatz. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Battle of Arnhem". Vriendendam. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 "Start and end dates". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Background". Nazi Germany. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Early service and training (1934–1939)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Military career". Martin Paap (father). Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Military career". Humphrey van Hetten. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Military service". Jan Paap. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "Military service". Antonie Ronald Paap. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Industrial operations". Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Founding of Schroeter Traktoren". Ferdinand Schroeter. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Background". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "Pre-war expansion". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "War breaks out in Europe". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Transfer to Abwehr and special operations (1940)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Western Europe". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Operation in the Netherlands (10 May 1940)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Units and fronts". Otto Hoos. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 "Mediterranean and Africa". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Eastern Front". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Brandenburg formation and Eastern Front service (1940–1943)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "War in the Pacific". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Confrontation with Antonie Paap". Jan Paap. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Division Brandenburg, Balkans and Romania (1943–1945)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Collapse". Van Noord-Nostrini Industriewerke AG. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Flight from Europe and founding of the movement". Jan Paap. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Paap family leadership". Martin Paap (father). Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  30. ↑ "Jan Paap in Argentina (1944)". Tanoa Einsatzgruppen. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Allied offensives". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Expedition to Tanoa". Argentine Einsatz. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Formation (1944)". NSTAP. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 "Axis collapse". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 "Final wartime posting (1945)". Angelo van Noord. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  36. ↑ "Aftermath". Second World War. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  37. ↑ "Vader Era". Van Hetten family members. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
  38. ↑ "Post-war development". Vriendendam. Vrienden Universe Wiki.
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